https://www.proquest.com/advancedtechaerospace/docview/2654823427/51C16464264D4291PQ/1?accountid=14775
It is a long-term change in weather patterns that characterises different regions of the world. The warming effect in the earth's atmosphere has dramatically increased through the influence of some heat-taping gases emitted by various human activities, especially fossil fuel burning.
Cook and Lewandowsky found that 90-100% of scientific research conducted so far indicates that humans are the primary causes of global warming, with multiple studies coming together at a consensus of 97%.
Human activity, including their consumption culture, peer effect, lifestyles, and inequitable sharing of resources, has led to a higher temperature increase than it has since the dawn of civilisation. These human activities, alongside the others, are responsible for producing core GHGs including methane, carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and sulfurhexafluoride, the main culprits of climate change.
Burning of fossil fuels, coal mining, and the 1900s deforestation of Amazonian rainforests, which contain significant amounts (120 ± 30 pg C) of biomass (Malhi et al. 2006, 2008 ), resulted in a substantial impact on the local and world environment, which further warmed up the global climate
Similarly, industrial processes like portland cement production have been found to emit 5-8% of all the humanmade GHG’s (Aïtcin 2000). For example, nitrous oxide, which has a global greenhouse potential of approximately 300 times (Mgbemene et al. 2016) that of carbon dioxide (IPCC 2001a; Cantarel et al. 2011), is produced through industrial processes
In comparison with the baseline period T0 (1979–1992), the annual runoff increased in both of the comparable periods, with increments of 16.0% in T1 (1993–2002) and 8.5% in T2 (2003–2017)
transportation, which accounts for about 26% of the worldwide carbon dioxide emissions, is still increasing
Livestock generates 18% of GHGs, higher than all transport emissions (FAO 2006; Ilea 2009). It is estimated that by 2050, global livestock emissions are expected to double, mostly in developing countries (Ilea 2009). Almost half of the soy for livestock is produced in the Brazilian cerrado region, the second major biome in Brazil
Agriculture is yet another driver of climate change, as among the food crops, rice has the highest GHG potential due to its potential contribution (11%) to the global methane (CH4) emissions
During Hurricane Harvey of August 2017, the Gulf of Mexico’s oceanic heat content got transferred to the atmosphere as moisture, which later became the reason for record-breaking rainfall. Thus, the humaninduced warming, on the one hand, sustained the severity of the hurricane and, on the other hand, intensified the rains
The summer heatwave in 2003 reported the highest temperature in Central Europe for the last 500 years (Luterbacher et al. 2004; Keiler et al. 2010) and the warmest summer in the European Alps for 1250 years (Keiler et al. 2010). This led to the glacial retreat of the Alps, which occurred primarily because of the low snow cover followed by the exposure of underneath fern to the atmospheric warming that had developed a soft albedo effect allowing to the dust buildup in the dry summer
The early 1980s would mark a sharp increase in global temperatures. Many experts point to 1988 as a critical turning point when watershed events placed global warming in the spotlight.
The summer of 1988 was the hottest on record (although many since then have been hotter). 1988 also saw widespread drought and wildfires within the United States.
Scientists sounding the alarm about climate change began to see media and the public paying closer attention. NASA scientist James Hansen delivered testimony and presented models to congress in June of 1988, saying he was “99 percent sure” that global warming was upon us.
One year later, in 1989, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established under the United Nations to provide a scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.
As global warming gained currency as a real phenomenon, researchers dug into possible ramifications of a warming climate. Among the predictions were warnings of severe heat waves, droughts and more powerful hurricanes fueled by rising sea surface temperatures.
Other studies predicted that as massive glaciers at the poles melt, sea levels could rise between 11 and 38 inches (28 to 98 centimeters) by 2100, enough to swamp many of the cities along the east coast of the United States.