Another significant event was the August 2005 floods of Central Europe, which affected the Alpine region (Table 2). The floods were marked by loss of life, communication, agriculture, and infrastructure (Beniston 2006; Frei et al. 2006; Keiler et al. 2010). A high precipitation rate of 10 mm/h which was never seen before in the last 100 years’ time period (Keiler et al. 2010), was a major factor behind these floods.
On urbanisation
Due to impervious surfaces such as concrete and dense populations, the heat absorption and retention in urban centres appear to be higher than the surrounding suburbs and rural areas, resulting in an “urban heat island effect”. The gap in the rural and urban energy balance clearly shows a relation between land cover land use and the regional and local climate (Arnfeild 2003). This additional warming from the urban heat island's effect makes cities more vulnerable to climate change (Rosenzweig et al. 2011a). It leaves the urban population more exposed to its effects than rural people
According to the Urban Climate Change Research Network, the average temperature in urban areas is expected to rise by 4 °C by 2050 (Rosenzweig et al. 2011b). Although the impact of urban heat islands has averaged around 2 °C (Taha 1997; Chen et al. 2006), this can vary up to 10 °C depending on local location and weather conditions. They are related to the extreme temperatures and health risks intensified by climate change in urban areas
On human health
Once seen as a far-off future issue, climate change has slowly and steadily crept into our present. We see inevitable present time implications of climate change in the form of extreme weather conditions, skewed social infrastructure, and a range of direct and indirect health impacts (Pachauri, IPCC 2007; Luber et al. 2014). The United States environment and health assessment have recognised the following major health impact categories as a result of climate change: & Increased temperature morbidity and mortality & Increased vectors and water-borne diseases & Decreased food safety, food supply, and distribution & Mental health, such as anxiety and depression Some people like pregnant women, children, aged people, people with disabilities, and chronic diseases are at greater risk due to climate change (Luber, Knowlton et al., and Frumkin et al. 2017). According to the 4th assessment report of IPCC, the negative impacts are more on the population health of lowincome areas with heat-related mortality, flood-related health risks, and emerging infectious diseases as the most common
Human life has evolved within a specific range of temperature, humidity, and solar radiation that have not changed over the years. It implies that we have to get ready for many drastic changes (McMichael et al. 2006; Berry et al. 2010). Climate change poses a varied degree of threat to human life. It either enhances the geographical distribution of a disease vector or increases its population or both as many vector species or individuals are even capable of surviving the winter
Because of global warming, several Vibriosis cases have been reported from the Arctic (Waits et al. 2018). Due to its cyclical and seasonal nature, Ebola is believed to have originated due to changes in climatic variables (Ng et al. 2014; Mgbemene et al. 2016). In South and South-east Asia, the highest monthly temperature of 33.5 °C and the most increased precipitation of 650 mm were associated with mosquito-borne diseases (Servadio et al. 2018). Cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and long-term depression, and even suicide rates are found to increase in children in association with the floods (Ahern et al.
Climate change is expected to raise the burden of diseases in the next century as it will impact the world’s food security (Myers et al. 2017). With a rise in local temperature of 2 °C, rice, wheat, and maise yields are also expected to decrease.
as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) has assessed that by 2030, almost 42% of world’s population will have insufficient water for their agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. There are already severe year-round water shortages to half a billion people globally
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